Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of 10 Cameroonian medicinal plants towards multi-factorial drug-resistant cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Cancer chemotherapy is still hampered by clinical failures due to multi-drug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells. In the present study, we have investigated the cytotoxicity of 20 methanol extracts from 10 medicinal plants against the sensitive leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. The most cytotoxic extracts were then further tested on a panel of 8 human cancer cell lines, including various MDR phenotypes.

METHODS: The cytotoxicity of the 20 methanol extracts from 10 Cameroonian medicinal plants was determined using a resazurin reduction assay. Meanwhile, flow cytometry was used to measure cell cycle, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

RESULTS: In the preliminary assay using CCRF-CEM cells, 12 extracts from five plants displayed IC50 values below 80 μg/mL, namely Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea cordifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Pennisetum purpureum, and Spathodea campanulata. the four best extracts were from two plants: Albizia adianthifolia roots (AAR) and bark (AAB) as well as Alchornea cordifolia leaves (ACL) and bark (ACB) had respective IC50 values of 0.98 μg/mL, 1.45 μg/mL, 8.02 μg/mL and 12.57 μg/mL in CCRF-CEM cells. They were further tested in 8 other cell lines as well as in normal AML12 hepatocytes. IC50 values ranging from 2.71 μg/mL (towards glioblastoma U87MG.ΔEGFR cells) to 10.30 μg/mL (towards breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231-BCRP cells) for AAB, from 3.43 μg/mL (towards U87MG cells) to 10.77 μg/mL (towards colon carcinoma HCT116 (p53 (-/-) ) cells) for AAR and from 0.11 μg/mL (towards CCRF-CEM cells) to 108 μg/mL (towards leukemia CEM/ADR5000 cells) for doxorubicin (as control drug) were obtained. ACL and ACB extracts displayed selective activities. AAR and ACL extracts induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells, through caspases activation and loss of MMP, while apoptotic cell death was mediated by MMP diruption and increase ROS production for ACL.

CONCLUSION: Some of the tested plants namely Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea cordifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Pennisetum purpureum, Spathodea campanulata represent a potential source of novel anticancer drugs. Especially, Albizia adianthifolia and Alchornea cordifolia revealed considerable cytotoxic activities that could be exploited to develop phytomedicines to fight cancers including MDR phenotypes.