Hypoxia induced the differentiation of Tbx18-positive epicardial cells to CoSMCs.

Understanding the origin and differentiation mechanism of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells (CoSMCs) is very important to cardiovascular biology. The early cardiovascular system is formed in a hypoxic microenvironment, and Tbx18-positive epicardial cells are a source of CoSMCs. However, the effects of hypoxia on the differentiation of Tbx18-positive epicardial cells to CoSMCs and the primary regulatory mechanism are insufficiently understood. Using Tbx18:Cre/R26R(EYFP/LacZ) fate-tracing mice, we cultured highly purified Tbx18-positive epicardial cells. We further showed that hypoxia induced Tbx18-positive epicardial cells to differentiate into CoSMCs and promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of the cells in vitro. The induction of differentiation was primarily achieved via the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated effects exerted on Snail. Using a cell migration assay, we showed that hypoxia enhanced the motility of Tbx18-positive epicardial cells. By constructing a hypoxic model of the embryonic epicardium in vivo, we showed that hypoxia led to premature in situ differentiation of Tbx18-positive epicardial cells to CoSMCs. Furthermore, hypoxia was sufficient to induce Snail expression in Tbx18-positive epicardial cells in vivo. Our study suggests that hypoxia intervention was sufficient to induce the differentiation of Tbx18-positive epicardial cells to CoSMCs. Furthermore, this differentiation was achieved primarily via HIF-1α-mediated regulation of Snail.