Ethical considerations with the management of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a well-recognized disorder of the autonomic nervous system caused by mutations in the PHOX2B gene. The most characteristic feature is failure of ventilatory control, resulting in the need for respiratory support while asleep, and in some cases when awake also. Most cases present in infancy or early childhood. Technological advances allow patients with mild to moderate phenotypesto receive adequate support by non-invasive ventilation (NIV), or diaphragm pacing (or combination of the two) avoiding the need for long-term ventilation by tracheostomy. Daytime functioning of patients with CCHS who require sleep-time ventilation only is expected to be good, with some additional surveillance to ensure they don't accidentally fall asleep without respiratory support available. Some children with CCHS have other complications, such as Hirschprung's disease, learning difficulties, and cardiac arrhythmias (leading in some instances to heart block and the requirement for a pacemaker). In a few cases, patients can develop neurogenic malignancies. Parents bear a significant burden for the care of their child with CCHS including provision of NIV at home, close monitoring, and regular surveillance for complications. Information about patients with CCHS comes from databases in the United States and Europe, but these don't include infants or children for whom ventilator support was not offered. In this paper we use a case study to explore the ethical issues of provision of treatment, or non-treatment, of children with CCHS.