Golgi-Cox

Emerging research suggests a potential association of progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with alterations in synaptic currents and mitochondrial dynamics. However, the specific associations between these pathological changes remain unclear. In this study, we utilized Aβ42 -induced AD rats and primary neural cells as in vivo and in vitro models. The investigations included behavioural tests, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, Nissl staining, thioflavin-S staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Golgi-Cox staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence staining, proteomics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assessment, mitochondrial morphology analysis, electrophysiological studies, Western blotting, and molecular docking...

PURPOSE: Light-induced neural retinal insult leads to alterations in the visual cortex neurons. We examined light-induced neuronal alterations in the visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons (V1-L5PNs) of adult male Wistar rats. METHODS: A total of 24 rats were divided into the following groups (n=6 each): control (NC), blue (BL), white (WL), and yellow (YL). The exposure groups were subjected to light-emitting diodes (LED) exposure (450-500 lx) of differing wavelengths for 90 days (12:12 16 light-dark cycle)...

INTRODUCTION: Type C hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a decompensating event of chronic liver disease leading to severe motor and cognitive impairment. The progression of type C HE is associated with changes in brain metabolite concentrations measured by 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), most noticeably a strong increase in glutamine to detoxify brain ammonia. In addition, alterations of brain cellular architecture have been measured ex vivo by histology in a rat model of type C HE...

Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is an extract of the bergamot fruit with significant neuroprotective effect. This study was to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of BEO in mitigating depression. GC-MS were used to identify its constituents. Antidepressive properties of BEO were evaluated by sucrose preference test (SPT), force swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). Nissl staining was used to determine the number of Nissl bodies in hippocampus (HIPP) of rats. Changes in HIPP dendritic length and dendritic spine density were detected by Golgi-Cox staining...

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) holds promise as a potential target for stress-related disorders, such as treating major depressive disorder (MDD). The role of TAAR1 in the regulation of adult neurogenesis is recently supported by transcriptomic data. However, it remains unknown whether TAAR1 in dentate gyrus (DG) mediate chronic stress-induced negative effects on hippocampal plasticity and related behavior in mice. The present study consisted of a series of experiments using RNAscope, genetic approaches, behavioral tests, immunohistochemical staining, Golgi-Cox technique to unravel the effects of TAAR1 on alterations of dentate neuronal plasticity and cognitive function in the chronic social defeat stress model...

The hippocampal complex of birds is a narrow-curved strip of tissue that plays a crucial role in learning, memory, spatial navigation, and emotional and sexual behavior. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of unpredictable chronic mild stress in multipolar neurons of 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-week-old chick's hippocampal complex. This study revealed that chronic stress results in neuronal remodeling by causing alterations in dendritic field, axonal length, secondary branching, corrected spine number, and dendritic branching at 25, 50, 75, and 100 µm...

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the methods used to investigate the connectivity and structure of the nervous system. These methods allow neuronal cells to be categorized according to their location, shape, and connections to other cells. The Golgi-Cox staining gives a thorough picture of all significant neuronal structures found in the brain that may be distinguished from one another. The most significant characteristic is its three-dimensional integrity since all neuronal structures may be followed continuously from one part to the next...

Studies have explored the consequences of excessive exposure to white-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the retina. Hence, we aimed to assess the implications of such exposure on structural alterations of the visual cortex, learning and memory, and amelioration by blue-light-blocking lenses (BBLs). Eight-week-old Wistar rats (n = 24) were used for the experiment and divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group) as control, white LED light exposure (LE), BBL Crizal Prevencia-1 (CP), and DuraVision Blue-2 (DB)...

Over time, scientists have been fascinated by the complex connections among nutrition, brain development, and behavior. It's been well understood that the brain's peak performance relies on having the right nutrients available. Thus, nutritional insufficiency, where an organism lacks vital nutrients crucial for optimal growth and function, can upset the body's balance, potentially triggering stress responses. However, our grasp of how the brain reacts to insufficient nutrition, particularly in avian species like domestic chickens, has shown inconsistencies in our understanding...

AIM: Repeated exposure to ketamine during the neonatal period in mice leads to cognitive impairments in adulthood. These impairments are likely caused by synaptic plasticity and excitability damage. We investigated the precise role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cognitive impairments induced by repeated ketamine exposure during the neonatal period. METHODS: We evaluated the cognitive function of mice using the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test...

OBJECTIVE: Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in infants often leads to hemiplegic motor dysfunction. The mechanism of their motor dysfunction has been attributed to deficiencies of the transcription factor SRY (sex-determining region) box 2 (Sox2) or the non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase Fyn (involved in neuronal signal transduction), which causes a defect in myelin formation. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) following cerebral hypoxia-ischemia may stimulate myelin growth by regulating Sox2/Fyn, Ras homolog protein family A (RhoA), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) expression levels...

Cognitive impairment is a major complication of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury and has an important impact on the quality of life of patients. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after CIR injury remain elusive. In the current study, we investigated the role of interleukin 17 A (IL-17A) on CIR injury-induced cognitive impairment in wild-type and IL-17A knockout mice using RNA sequencing analysis, neurological assessments, Golgi-Cox staining, dendritic spine analysis, immunofluorescence assay, and western blot analysis...

OBJECTIVES: Tactile stimulation (TS) can promote neurogenesis and motor function recovery in rats with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. This study aimed to assess the effects of TS on neurological function in rats after cerebral ischaemia and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Adult SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation (SHAM) group, middle cerebral artery occlusion with tactile stimulation (TS-MCAO) group and middle cerebral artery occlusion with sedentary intervention (SED-MCAO) group...

Synapse formation following the generation of postsynaptic dendritic spines is essential for motor learning and functional recovery after brain injury. The C-terminal fragment of agrin cleaved by neurotrypsin induces dendritic spine formation in the adult hippocampus. Since the α3 subunit of sodium-potassium ATPase (Na/K ATPase) is a neuronal receptor for agrin in the central nervous system, cardiac glycosides might facilitate dendritic spine formation and subsequent improvements in learning. This study investigated the effects of cardiac glycoside digoxin on dendritic spine turnover and learning performance in mice...

An increasing use of plastics in daily life leads to the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in the environment, posing a serious threat to the ecosystem, including humans. It has been reported that MPs cause neurotoxicity, but the deleterious effect of polystyrene (PS) MPs on neuronal cytoarchitectural morphology in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) region of mice brain remains to be established. In the present study, Swiss albino male mice were orally exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm PS-MPs for 28 days. After exposure, we found a significant accumulation of PS-MPs with a decreased number of Nissl bodies in the PFC region of the entire treated group compared to the control...

The mechanism of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity development remains elusive. Mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics play a critical role in regulating neurogenesis. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate whether mitochondrial dynamics were involved in ketamine-induced impairment of neurogenesis in neonatal rats and long-term synaptic plasticity dysfunction. In the in vivo study, postnatal day 7 (PND-7) rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 40 mg/kg ketamine for four consecutive times at 1 h intervals...

Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxic metal. Chronic Pb exposure causes behavioral changes in humans and rodents, such as dysfunctional learning and memory. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether Pb exposure disrupts the neural circuit. Thus, here we aim at investigating the effects the chronic Pb exposure on neural-behavioral and neural circuits in mice from prenatal to postnatal day (PND) 63. Pregnant mice and their male offspring were treated with Pb (150 ppm) until postnatal day 63. In this study, several behavior tests and Golgi-Cox staining methods were used to assess spatial memory ability and synaptogenesis...

Dysfunction of the corticolimbic system, particularly at the dendritic spine level, is a recognized core mechanism in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) in Sprague-Dawley rats induces both a schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotype and dendritic spine pathology (reduced total number and mature spines) in corticolimbic areas, which is mitigated by antipsychotics. However, there is limited information on the impact of rat strain on NVHL outcomes and antipsychotic effects...

The avian dorsomedial surface of the cerebral hemisphere is occupied by the hippocampal complex (HCC), which plays an important role in learning, memory, cognitive functions, and regulating instinctive behavior patterns. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of chronic mild stress (CMS) in 4, 6, and 8 weeks and after chronic stress removal (CSR) in 6 and 8 weeks, on neuronal plasticity in HCC neurons of chicks through the Golgi-Cox technique. Further, behavioral study and open field test were conducted to test of exploration or of anxiety...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuropathic pain affects millions of patients but there are currently few viable therapeutic options available. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) regulate the dynamics of microtubules and participate in synaptic remodeling. It is unclear whether these changes are involved in the central sensitization of neuropathic pain. This study examined the role of MARK1 or MARK2 in regulating neurosynaptic plasticity induced by neuropathic pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: A rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model was established to induce neuropathic pain...