Neural

BACKGROUND: Disease or injury may cause a change in the biomechanical properties of the lungs, which can alter lung function. Image registration can be used to measure lung ventilation and quantify volume change, which can be a useful diagnostic aid. However, lung registration is a challenging problem because of the variation in deformation along the lungs, sliding motion of the lungs along the ribs, and change in density. PURPOSE: Landmark correspondences have been used to make deformable image registration robust to large displacements...

PURPOSE: Preoperative prudent patient selection plays a crucial role in knee osteoarthritis management but faces challenges in appropriate referrals such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA), unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and nonoperative intervention. Deep learning (DL) techniques can build prediction models for treatment decision-making. The aim is to develop and evaluate a knee arthroplasty prediction pipeline using three-view X-rays to determine the suitable candidates for TKA, UKA or are not arthroplasty candidates...

The development of intelligent education has led to the emergence of knowledge tracing as a fundamental task in the learning process. Traditionally, the knowledge state of each student has been determined by assessing their performance in previous learning activities. In recent years, Deep Learning approaches have shown promising results in capturing complex representations of human learning activities. However, the interpretability of these models is often compromised due to the end-to-end training strategy they employ...

Prolactin and its receptor (PRLr) in humans are significantly involved in breast cancer pathogenesis. The intermediate form of human PRLr (hPRLrI) is produced by alternative splicing and has a novel 13 amino acid tail ("I-tail") gain. hPRLrI induces significant proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of normal mammary epithelia in vitro when coexpressed with the long form hPRLr (hPRLrL). hPRLrL and hPRLrI coexpression is necessary to induce the transformation of mammary epithelia in vivo. The I-tail is associated with the ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8...

During development, neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex, also known as radial glial cells (RGCs), generate excitatory neurons, followed by production of cortical macroglia and inhibitory neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB). Understanding the mechanisms for this lineage switch is fundamental for unraveling how proper numbers of diverse neuronal and glial cell types are controlled. We and others recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling promotes the cortical RGC lineage switch to generate cortical oligodendrocytes and OB interneurons...

The proteins within the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, members of the tyrosine kinase receptor family, play a pivotal role in the molecular mechanisms driving the development of various tumors. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, key compounds in targeted therapy, encounter challenges in cancer treatment due to emerging drug resistance mutations. Consequently, machine learning has undergone significant evolution to address the challenges of cancer drug discovery related to EGFR family proteins...

This paper introduces a wirelessly powered scattered neural recording wearable system that can facilitate continuous, untethered, and long-term electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. The proposed system, including 32 standalone EEG recording devices and a central controller, is incorporated in a wearable form factor. The standalone devices are sparsely distributed on the scalp, allowing for flexible placement and varying quantities to provide extensive spatial coverage and scalability. Each standalone device featuring a low-power EEG recording application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) wirelessly receives power through a 60 MHz inductive link...

Event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect neurophysiological changes of the brain in response to external events and their associated underlying complex spatiotemporal feature information is governed by ongoing oscillatory activity within the brain. Deep learning methods have been increasingly adopted for ERP-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to their excellent feature representation abilities, which allow for deep analysis of oscillatory activity within the brain. Features with higher spatiotemporal frequencies usually represent detailed and localized information, while features with lower spatiotemporal frequencies usually represent global structures...

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D-GS) has emerged as a significant advancement in the field of Computer Graphics, offering explicit scene representation and novel view synthesis without the reliance on neural networks, such as Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF). This technique has found diverse applications in areas such as robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, and virtual reality/augmented reality, just name a few. Given the growing popularity and expanding research in 3D Gaussian Splatting, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of relevant papers from the past year...

Solubility is not only a significant physical property of molecules but also a vital factor in smallmolecule drug development. Determining drug solubility demands stringent equipment, controlled environments, and substantial human and material resources. The accurate prediction of drug solubility using computational methods has long been a goal for researchers. In this study, we introduce MSCSol, a solubility prediction model that integrates multidimensional molecular structure information. We incorporate a graph neural network with geometric vector perceptrons (GVP-GNN) to encode 3D molecular structures, representing spatial arrangement and orientation of atoms, as well as atomic sequences and interactions...

According to accounts of neural reuse and embodied cognition, higher-level cognitive abilities recycle evolutionarily ancient mechanisms for perception and action. Here, building on these accounts, we investigate whether creativity builds on our capacity to forage in space ("creativity as strategic foraging"). We report systematic connections between specific forms of creative thinking-divergent and convergent-and corresponding strategies for searching in space. U.S. American adults completed two tasks designed to measure creativity...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to neurological dysfunction, and neuronal cell death is one of the main causes of neurological dysfunction. After SCI, in addition to necrosis, programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in nerve cells. At first, studies recognized only necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In recent years, researchers have identified new forms of PCD, including pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Related studies have confirmed that all of these cell death modes are involved in various phases of SCI and affect the direction of the disease through different mechanisms and pathways...

AIMS: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) contain a population of stem cells with a broad range of differentiation potentials, as well as more lineage-committed progenitors. Such heterogeneity is a significant obstacle to experimental and clinical applications. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize a homogenous neuronal progenitor cell population from human DPSCs. METHODOLOGY: Polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM+) neural progenitors were isolated from the dental pulp of three independent donors using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) technology...

Research data management has become an indispensable skill in modern neuroscience. Researchers can benefit from following good practices as well as from having proficiency in using particular software solutions. But as these domain-agnostic skills are commonly not included in domain-specific graduate education, community efforts increasingly provide early career scientists with opportunities for organised training and materials for self-study. Investing effort in user documentation and interacting with the user base can, in turn, help developers improve quality of their software...

BACKGROUND: There are difficulties in controlling the symptoms of pain, nausea, and vomiting after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PGNB on pain and nausea and vomiting in the early postoperative period in patients who underwent LSG. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study, the patients were divided into two equally formed groups: patients who underwent PGNB after LSG and the control group...

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) occurs when bony, ligamentous, and synovial elements of the lower axial spine degenerate and overgrow, compressing neural and vascular elements in the spinal canal. Compression can cause static back pain, radicular lower extremity pain, or neurogenic claudication. Radiological and clinical findings are needed to diagnose lumbar stenosis. In this framework, caudal epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a standard treatment. The volume injected and needle positioning are the main issues that could compromise the effectiveness of the epidural injection...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder and dopaminergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may play a role. Our previous research indicated that theobromine (TB), a methylxanthine, enhances cognitive function in rodents via the PFC. This study investigates TB's effects on hyperactivity and cognitive function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an ADHD animal model. Male SHRs (6-week old) received a diet containing 0.05% TB for 40 days, while control rats received normal diets...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Deep learning models (DLMs) are applied across domains of health sciences to generate meaningful predictions. DLMs make use of neural networks to generate predictions from discrete data inputs. This study employs DLM on prechemotherapy cross-sectional imaging to predict patients' response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Adult patients with colorectal liver metastasis who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included...

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence demonstrates that manually triggered vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) combined with rehabilitation leads to increased recovery of upper limb motor function after stroke. This approach is premised on studies demonstrating that the timing of stimulation relative to movements is a key determinant in the effectiveness of this approach. OBJECTIVE: The overall goal of the study was to identify an algorithm that could be used to automatically trigger VNS on the best movements during rehabilitative exercises while maintaining a desired interval between stimulations to reduce the burden of manual stimulation triggering...

Representational drift refers to the dynamic nature of neural representations in the brain despite the behavior being seemingly stable. Although drift has been observed in many different brain regions, the mechanisms underlying it are not known. Since intrinsic neural excitability is suggested to play a key role in regulating memory allocation, fluctuations of excitability could bias the reactivation of previously stored memory ensembles and therefore act as a motor for drift. Here, we propose a rate-based plastic recurrent neural network with slow fluctuations of intrinsic excitability...