Ashraf Ullah, Samar Sajid, Maria Qureshi, Muhammad Kamran, Mohammad Ahsan Anwaar, Muhammad Arsal Naseem, Mohammad Uzair Zaman, Fizza Mahmood, Abdur Rehman, Abdullah Shehryar, Muhammad A Nadeem
Cardiac diseases are a primary cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the importance of early identification and risk stratification to enhance patient outcomes. Biomarkers have become important tools for the risk assessment of cardiovascular disease and monitoring disease progression. This narrative review focuses on the multiple-marker approach, which involves simultaneously evaluating several biomarkers for the early detection and risk stratification of heart diseases. The review covers the clinical applications of novel biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity troponin, galectin-3, source of tumorigenicity 2, B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, growth differentiation factor 15, myeloperoxidase, fatty acid-binding protein, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, microRNAs, circulating endothelial cells, and ischemia-modified albumin...
July 2023: Curēus