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REVIEW
Catarina Magalhães, Margarida Lima, Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Paula Ferreira
In a 1945 Nobel Lecture, Sir Alexander Fleming warned against the overuse of antibiotics, particularly in response to public pressure. In the subsequent decades, evidence has shown that bacteria can become resistant to almost any available molecule. One key question is how the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes can be delayed. Although some clinicians remain sceptical, in this Personal View, we argue that the prescription of fewer antibiotics and shorter treatment duration is just as effective as longer regimens that remain the current guideline...
July 2021: Lancet Infectious Diseases
#22
REVIEW
Jeffrey I Cohen, Peter D Burbelo
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic and the duration of protective immunity to the virus is unknown. Cases of persons reinfected with the virus are being reported with increasing frequency. At present it is unclear how common reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is and how long serum antibodies and virus-specific T cells persist after infection. For many other respiratory virus infections, including influenza and the seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds, serum antibodies persist for only months to a few years and reinfections are very common...
December 6, 2021: Clinical Infectious Diseases
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ellie J C Goldstein, Glenn Tillotson, Mark Redell
The role of empirical and even directed antimicrobial management of patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is problematic; antibiotics are used frequently among these patients to treat confirmed or suspected coinfection or just the symptoms. In the rapidly changing clinical landscape of SARS-CoV-2, there is minimal guidance for selecting appropriate treatment versus non-antimicrobial treatment, and clinicians are pressed to make daily decisions under the stress of absence of data while watching patients deteriorate...
November 2020: Open Forum Infectious Diseases
#24
REVIEW
Marina Machado, Maricela Valerio, Ana Álvarez-Uría, María Olmedo, Cristina Veintimilla, Belén Padilla, Sofía De la Villa, Jesús Guinea, Pilar Escribano, María Jesús Ruiz-Serrano, Elena Reigadas, Roberto Alonso, José Eugenio Guerrero, Javier Hortal, Emilio Bouza, Patricia Muñoz
OBJECTIVES: Information on the recently COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) entity is scarce. We describe eight CAPA patients, compare them to colonised ICU patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and review the published literature from Western countries. METHODS: Prospective study (March to May, 2020) that included all COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. Modified AspICU and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria were used...
February 2021: Mycoses
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pranita D Tamma, Samuel L Aitken, Robert A Bonomo, Amy J Mathers, David van Duin, Cornelius J Clancy
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial-resistant infections are commonly encountered in US hospitals and result in significant morbidity and mortality. This guidance document provides recommendations for the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa). METHODS: A panel of 6 infectious diseases specialists with expertise in managing antimicrobial-resistant infections formulated common questions regarding the treatment of ESBL-E, CRE, and DTR-P...
April 8, 2021: Clinical Infectious Diseases
#26
REVIEW
Andrew D Kerkhoff, Diane V Havlir
Due to COVID-19, this year marked the first virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in the conference's 27-year history. There were important studies presented that provided new insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and other HIV coinfections. Highlights related to TB and HIV coinfections from this year's meeting are reviewed below.
June 2020: Topics in Antiviral Medicine
#27
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Remo H M Furtado, Otavio Berwanger, Henrique A Fonseca, Thiago D Corrêa, Leonardo R Ferraz, Maura G Lapa, Fernando G Zampieri, Viviane C Veiga, Luciano C P Azevedo, Regis G Rosa, Renato D Lopes, Alvaro Avezum, Airton L O Manoel, Felipe M T Piza, Priscilla A Martins, Thiago C Lisboa, Adriano J Pereira, Guilherme B Olivato, Vicente C S Dantas, Eveline P Milan, Otavio C E Gebara, Roberto B Amazonas, Monalisa B Oliveira, Ronaldo V P Soares, Diogo D F Moia, Luciana P A Piano, Kleber Castilho, Roberta G R A P Momesso, Guilherme P P Schettino, Luiz Vicente Rizzo, Ary Serpa Neto, Flávia R Machado, Alexandre B Cavalcanti
BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of COVID-19 remain uncertain. We assessed whether adding azithromycin to standard of care, which included hydroxychloroquine, would improve clinical outcomes of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19. METHODS: We did an open-label, randomised clinical trial at 57 centres in Brazil. We enrolled patients admitted to hospital with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and at least one additional severity criteria as follows: use of oxygen supplementation of more than 4 L/min flow; use of high-flow nasal cannula; use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation; or use of invasive mechanical ventilation...
October 3, 2020: Lancet
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Guruprasad P Aithal, Naaventhan Palaniyappan, Louise China, Suvi Härmälä, Lucia Macken, Jennifer M Ryan, Emilie A Wilkes, Kevin Moore, Joanna A Leithead, Peter C Hayes, Alastair J O'Brien, Sumita Verma
The British Society of Gastroenterology in collaboration with British Association for the Study of the Liver has prepared this document. The aim of this guideline is to review and summarise the evidence that guides clinical diagnosis and management of ascites in patients with cirrhosis. Substantial advances have been made in this area since the publication of the last guideline in 2007. These guidelines are based on a comprehensive literature search and comprise systematic reviews in the key areas, including the diagnostic tests, diuretic use, therapeutic paracentesis, use of albumin, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and beta-blockers in patients with ascites...
January 2021: Gut
#29
REVIEW
Christopher F Rose, Piero Amodio, Jasmohan S Bajaj, Radha Krishan Dhiman, Sara Montagnese, Simon D Taylor-Robinson, Hendrik Vilstrup, Rajiv Jalan
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, from subclinical changes (mild cognitive impairment) to marked disorientation, confusion and coma. The clinical and economic burden of HE is considerable, and it contributes greatly to impaired quality of life, morbidity and mortality. This review will critically discuss the latest classification of HE, as well as the pathogenesis and pathophysiological pathways underlying the neurological decline in patients with end-stage liver disease...
October 20, 2020: Journal of Hepatology
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jaiprasath Sachithanandham, Chloe L Thio, Ashwin Balagopal
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 29, 2020: Clinical Infectious Diseases
#31
REVIEW
Jakob J Malin, Isabelle Suárez, Vanessa Priesner, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Jan Rybniker
Patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including ebolavirus (EBOV) and the respiratory pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2...
December 16, 2020: Clinical Microbiology Reviews
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hossein Mirzaei, Willi McFarland, Mohammad Karamouzian, Hamid Sharifi
This systematic review summarizes the evidence on the earliest patients with COVID-19-HIV co-infection. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, preprint databases, and Google Scholar from December 01, 2019, to June 1, 2020. From an initial 547 publications and 75 reports, 25 studies provided specific information on COVID-19 patients living with HIV. Studies described 252 patients, 80.9% were male, the mean age was 52.7 years, and 98% were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Co-morbidities in addition to HIV and COVID-19 (multimorbidity) included hypertension (39...
January 2021: AIDS and Behavior
#33
REVIEW
Xiaoying Gu, Fei Zhou, Yeming Wang, Guohui Fan, Bin Cao
According to the Third International Consensus Definition for Sepsis and Septic Shock, sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host responses to infection. Epidemiological data about sepsis from the 2017 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor Study showed that the global burden of sepsis was greater than previously estimated. Bacteria have been shown to be the predominant pathogen of sepsis among patients with pathogens detected, while sepsis caused by viruses is underdiagnosed worldwide...
September 30, 2020: European Respiratory Review: An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
David S Stephens, M Juliana McElrath
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
October 6, 2020: JAMA
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Talha Burki
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 2020: Lancet Infectious Diseases
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicholas R Jones, Zeshan U Qureshi, Robert J Temple, Jessica P J Larwood, Trisha Greenhalgh, Lydia Bourouiba
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
August 25, 2020: BMJ: British Medical Journal
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Charles L Daley, Jonathan M Iaccarino, Christoph Lange, Emmanuelle Cambau, Richard J Wallace, Claire Andrejak, Erik C Böttger, Jan Brozek, David E Griffith, Lorenzo Guglielmetti, Gwen A Huitt, Shandra L Knight, Philip Leitman, Theodore K Marras, Kenneth N Olivier, Miguel Santin, Jason E Stout, Enrico Tortoli, Jakko van Ingen, Dirk Wagner, Kevin L Winthrop
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent over 190 species and subspecies, some of which can produce disease in humans of all ages and can affect both pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites. This guideline focuses on pulmonary disease in adults (without cystic fibrosis or human immunodeficiency virus infection) caused by the most common NTM pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium xenopi among the slowly growing NTM and Mycobacterium abscessus among the rapidly growing NTM...
August 14, 2020: Clinical Infectious Diseases
#38
COMMENT
Steven Y C Tong, Todd C Lee
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
December 2020: Lancet Infectious Diseases
#39
REVIEW
Nicolas Vabret, Graham J Britton, Conor Gruber, Samarth Hegde, Joel Kim, Maria Kuksin, Rachel Levantovsky, Louise Malle, Alvaro Moreira, Matthew D Park, Luisanna Pia, Emma Risson, Miriam Saffern, Bérengère Salomé, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, Matthew P Spindler, Jessica Tan, Verena van der Heide, Jill K Gregory, Konstantina Alexandropoulos, Nina Bhardwaj, Brian D Brown, Benjamin Greenbaum, Zeynep H Gümüş, Dirk Homann, Amir Horowitz, Alice O Kamphorst, Maria A Curotto de Lafaille, Saurabh Mehandru, Miriam Merad, Robert M Samstein
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people worldwide, igniting an unprecedented effort from the scientific community to understand the biological underpinning of COVID19 pathophysiology. In this Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death...
June 16, 2020: Immunity
#40
REVIEW
Julio A Ramirez, Daniel M Musher, Scott E Evans, Charles Dela Cruz, Kristina A Crothers, Chadi A Hage, Stefano Aliberti, Antonio Anzueto, Francisco Arancibia, Forest Arnold, Elie Azoulay, Francesco Blasi, Jose Bordon, Steven Burdette, Bin Cao, Rodrigo Cavallazzi, James Chalmers, Patrick Charles, Jean Chastre, Yann-Erick Claessens, Nathan Dean, Xavier Duval, Muriel Fartoukh, Charles Feldman, Thomas File, Filipe Froes, Stephen Furmanek, Martin Gnoni, Gustavo Lopardo, Carlos Luna, Takaya Maruyama, Rosario Menendez, Mark Metersky, Donna Mildvan, Eric Mortensen, Michael S Niederman, Mathias Pletz, Jordi Rello, Marcos I Restrepo, Yuichiro Shindo, Antoni Torres, Grant Waterer, Brandon Webb, Tobias Welte, Martin Witzenrath, Richard Wunderink
BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guidelines have improved the management and outcomes of patients with CAP, primarily by standardization of initial empiric therapy. But current society-published guidelines exclude immunocompromised patients. RESEARCH QUESTION: There is no concensus regarding the initial management of immunocompromised patients with suspected CAP. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This consensus document was created by a multidisciplinary panel of 45 physicians with experience in the management of CAP in immunocompromised patients...
June 16, 2020: Chest
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