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The purposes of this study were to clarify the electromyography (EMG) of plantar flexors and to analyze the fascicle and tendon behaviors of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) during running in the carbon-fiber plate embedded in thicker midsole racing shoes, such as the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VF) and traditional racing shoes (TRAD). We compared the fascicle and series elastic element behavior of the GM and EMG of the lower limb muscles during running (14 km/h, 45 s) in athletes wearing VF or TRAD. GM EMGs in the push-off phase were approximately 50% lower in athletes wearing VF than in TRAD...

Stress fractures (SFs) result from repetitive mechanical stress on bones, leading to an imbalance in osseous tissue adaptation and resulting in cortical fractures. The majority of SFs occur in the lower limb due to excessive mechanical loads. Long-distance runners are highly susceptible to SFs, especially when there is a significant increase in the load or intensity of their activity. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the development of SFs. Common SF locations in long-distance runners include the tibial shaft, femur, metatarsal, and pelvic region...

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PURPOSE: This study examined the differences in the center of pressure movement in a one-leg standing position with bare feet, thin-soled shoes, and thick-soled shoes. METHODS: In total, 21 male university students participated in this study. The task involved standing on one leg with the dominant foot for 30 s, and the center of pressure movement was measured using a grab coder (G-620; ANIMA, Tokyo, Japan). Three shoe-wearing states, including bare feet, thin-soled shoes, and thick-soled shoes, with the eyes closed and open in each condition...

STUDY DESIGN: This was a narrative review. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to report the physical and radiologic characteristics of sacral stress fractures in 11 athletes and to review the current literature on sacral stress fractures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Sacral stress fractures are rarely reported as a cause of low back pain in athletes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 11 athlete patients with sacral stress fractures and low back pain...

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: Previous results about longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) and running economy (RE) show high variability. This study aimed to assess the effects of shoes with increased LBS on RE and performance in trained and national runners. METHODS: Twenty-eight male runners were divided into two groups according to their 10-km performance times (trained: 38-45 min and national runners: <34 min). Subjects ran 2 x 3 min (at 9 and 13 km‧hr-1 for trained, and 13 and 17 km‧hr-1 for national runners) with an experimental shoe with carbon fiber plate to increase the LBS (Increased LBS) and a control shoe (without carbon fiber plate)...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Four bibliographic databases (from inception until November 2021): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of developing a BSI when using particular footwear, foot orthoses or training-related strategies such as muscle strengthening, stretching, and mechanical loading exercises...

Bone stress injury (BSI) is a common overuse injury that can result in prolonged time away from sport. Limited studies have characterized the use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of BSI. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of ESWT for the management of BSI in runners. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify eligible patients in a single physician's clinic from 1 August 2018 to 30 September 2022. BSI was identified in 40 runners with 41 injuries (28 females; average age and standard deviation: 30 ± 13 years; average pre-injury training 72 ± 40 km per week)...

BACKGROUND: Long-distance running is a popular form of cardiovascular exercise with many well-described health benefits, from improving heart health to the management of obesity, diabetes, and mental illness. The impact of long-distance running on joint health in recreational runners, however, remains inconclusive. HYPOTHESIS: The prevalence of osteoarthritis in runners is not associated with an athlete's running-related history, including the number of marathons completed, cumulative years of running, average weekly mileage, and average running pace...

Footwear may moderate the transiently heightened asymmetry in lower limb loading associated with peak growth in adolescence during running. This repeated-measures study compared the magnitude and symmetry of peak vertical ground reaction force and instantaneous loading rates (VILRs) in adolescents during barefoot and shod running. Ten adolescents (age, 10.6 ± 1.7 years) ran at self-selected speed (1.7 ± 0.3 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill under three counter-balanced conditions; barefoot and shod with partial-minimal and conventional running shoes...

BACKGROUND: Massage is widely used in exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage (EIMD). It has been proven that massage can improve the morphology and function of damaged skeletal muscle in multiple ways. However, whether massage can protect skeletal muscles from injury during long-term heavy-duty exercise has not yet been determined. METHODS: In this study, a rat model of overuse injury was established by eccentric running for 4 weeks, and pressing at constant pressure and frequency and massage were used as intervention methods to explore whether massage could protect skeletal muscle from injury through upregulating integrin and the basement membrane laminin...

There are relatively few running studies that have attempted to prospectively identify biomechanical risk factors associated with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries. Therefore, the aim was to prospectively determine potential running biomechanical risk factors associated with the development of AT injuries in recreational, healthy runners. At study entry, 108 participants completed a set of questionnaires. They underwent an analysis of their running biomechanics at self-selected running speed. The incidence of AT running-related injuries (RRI) was assessed after 1-year using a weekly questionnaire standardized for RRI...

A 34-year-old female athlete experienced pain, tightness, and sensation changes in her lower legs and feet when reaching approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) of her run. After a wick catheter test, an orthopaedic surgeon diagnosed her with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) and declared her eligible to undergo fasciotomy surgery. A forefoot gait is theorized to delay the symptom onset of CECS and decrease the amount of discomfort the runner experiences. The patient opted for a 6-week gait retraining program to try to alleviate her symptoms nonsurgically...

We analysed the effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VPF) on long-interval training performance, kinematic parameters, running power and fatigue compared to a traditional running shoe. Twelve well-trained men (mean ± SD: 32.91 ± 7.50 years; 69.29 ± 7.55 kg and 172.73 ± 5.97 cm) performed two long-interval training sessions (5 × 1000 m with 90s recovery period) 7 days apart, with the VPF shoe or a traditional running shoe (CON) in random order...

Stiffness, the resistance to deformation due to force, has been used to model the way in which the lower body responds to landing during cyclic motions such as running and jumping. Vertical, leg, and joint stiffness provide a useful model for investigating the store and release of potential elastic energy via the musculotendinous unit in the stretch-shortening cycle and may provide insight into sport performance. This review is aimed at assessing the effect of vertical, leg, and joint stiffness on running performance as such an investigation may provide greater insight into performance during this common form of locomotion...

BACKGROUND: Anterior knee pain has been associated with sports activity, especially long-distance running and endurance sports. It is important to determine the incidence of anterior knee pain (AKP) in runners after a half-marathon race and identify possible risk factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study where runners from a half marathon race were randomly invited to participate. Participants were recruited at the race kit pickup site the day before the race...

BACKGROUND: Kinesio Taping is frequently used in the management of lower limb injuries, and has been shown to improve pain, function, and running performance. However, little is known about the effects of Kinesio Taping on running biomechanics, muscle activity, and perceived benefits. RESEARCH QUESTION: This study aimed to explore the immediate effects of Kinesio Taping on lower limb kinematics, joint moments, and muscle activity, as well as perceived comfort, knee joint stability, and running performance in healthy runners...

BACKGROUND: Compared to conventional racing shoes, Nike Vaporfly 4% running shoes reduce the metabolic cost of level treadmill running by 4%. The reduction is attributed to their lightweight, highly compliant, and resilient midsole foam and a midsole-embedded curved carbon fiber plate. We investigated whether these shoes also could reduce the metabolic cost of moderate uphill (+3°) and downhill (-3°) grades. We tested the null hypothesis that, compared to conventional racing shoes, highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates would impart the same ∼4% metabolic power (W/kg) savings during uphill and downhill running as they do during level running...

Training-intensity distribution (TID) is considered the key factor to optimize performance in endurance sports. This systematic review aimed to: I) characterize the TID typically used by middle-and long-distance runners; II) compare the effect of different types of TID on endurance performance and its physiological determinants; III) determine the extent to which different TID quantification methods can calculate same TID outcomes from a given training program. The keywords and search strategy identified 20 articles in the research databases...

Minimalist shod runners have reported greater material and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon (AT) due to increased loading than runners who wear more cushioned running shoes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12-week transition training from conventional shoes to minimalist shoes on AT loading in habitual rearfoot strike runners. Seventeen healthy male habitual rearfoot strikers completed 12-week transition training. They were instructed either to run in minimalist shoes with a forefoot strike pattern (MIN + FFS, n = 9) or run in minimalist shoes but were free to develop their strike pattern (MIN, n = 8)...