Esportes

The manifestations of the athlete's heart can create diagnostic challenges during an echocardiographic assessment. The classifications of the morphological and functional changes induced by sport participation are often beyond 'normal limits' making it imperative to identify any overlap between pathology and normal physiology. The phenotype of the athlete's heart is not exclusive to one chamber or function. Therefore, in this narrative review, we consider the effects of sporting discipline and training volume on the holistic athlete's heart, as well as demographic factors including ethnicity, body size, sex, and age...

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AIM: To describe the electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic manifestations of the paediatric athlete's heart, and examine the impact of age, race and sex on cardiac remodelling responses to competitive sport. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Six electronic databases were searched to May 2016: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) Male and/or female competitive athletes, (2) participants aged 6-18 years, (3) original research article published in English language...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

This paper focuses on oxygen consumption (VO2) estimation using 6-axis motion data (3-axis acceleration and 3-axis angular velocity) that are obtained from small motion sensors attached to people playing sports with different intensities. In order to achieve high estimation accuracy over a wide range of intensities of exercises, we apply neural network that is trained by experimental data consisting of the measured VO2 and motion sensing data of people with a wide range of intensities of exercises. We first investigate the gain brought by applying neural network by comparing its accuracy with an approach based on the linear regression model...

The two articles in the area of cardiovascular physiology and disease in youth were chosen for commentary because of their exploration of new approaches to the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular derangements in young persons. The first, by Hinds et al., describes the potential clinical importance of detection of cardiovascular changes during exercise testing in adolescent athletes following concussions. This approach might prove useful in establishing safe return-to-play guidelines. The second, a review article by Van De Schoor et al, evaluates the frequency of myocardial scarring in athletes, some of adolescent age, which is a recognized risk factor for sudden cardiac death...

BACKGROUND: Understanding the determinants of children's health behaviours is important to develop successful behaviour-change interventions. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to synthesise the evidence around determinants ('preceding predictors') of change in physical activity (PA) in young children (0-6 years of age). METHODS: As part of a suite of reviews, prospective quantitative studies investigating change in physical activity in children aged 0-6 years were identified from eight databases (to October 2015): MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, British Nursing Index, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts...

OBJECTIVES: To examine adherence to the American College of Sports Medicine and American Cancer Society guidelines on leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity (PA) of older cancer survivors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Young-old (65-74) (n = 627), old-old (≥75) (n = 656), and middle-aged (45-64) (n = 786) cancer survivors and adults without cancer (n = 18,369), stratified according to the same age groups...

AIM: Schools are an important location for improving OHCA outcome. But there are few data on out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in schools. This study aimed to show incidence and outcome of OHCA in schools, specifying location and activities. METHODS: We used the Korean nationwide OHCA registry from 2008 to 2014. OHCA victims were categorized regarding level of school. The average annual incidence of OHCA was calculated based on per 1000 schools. The epidemiological characteristics are analysed and location and activity at the time of arrest is further described...

OBJECTIVE: Models of sport development often support the assumption that young athletes' psychosocial experiences differ as a result of seemingly minor variations in how their sport activities are designed (eg, participating in team or individual sport; sampling many sports or specialising at an early age). This review was conducted to systematically search sport literature and explore how the design of sport activities relates to psychosocial outcomes. DESIGN: Systematic search, followed by data extraction and synthesis...

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiogram (ECG) with preparticipation evaluation (PPE) for athletes remains controversial in the United States and diagnostic accuracy of clinician ECG interpretation is unclear. This study aimed to assess reliability and validity of clinician ECG interpretation using expert-validated ECGs according to the 2010 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) interpretation criteria. METHODS: This is a blinded, prospective study of diagnostic accuracy of clinician ECG interpretation...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endurance exercise, despite a plethora of proven health benefits, is increasingly recognized as a potential cause of lone atrial fibrillation. Moderate exercise reduces all-cause mortality and protects against developing atrial fibrillation. However, more intense exercise regimes confer modest incremental health benefits, induce cardiac remodelling and negate some of the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. The implications of endurance exercise and athletic heart are becoming increasingly relevant as the popularity of endurance exercise has increased 20-fold within a generation...

Although rare, sudden cardiac death (SCD) is devastating to families and communities. Screening of athletes prior to sports participation by trained professionals is useful in identifying individuals who carry known risk factors for SCD. Inclusive in this population are those athletes with congenital heart disease. Sports medicine specialists should be able to identify those at risk for adverse events surrounding vigorous activity and direct appropriate evaluation by the specialist (ie, cardiologist) as deemed appropriate...

Energy drinks are frequently consumed by athletes prior to competition to improve performance. This study examined the effect of Red Bull™ on repeated sprint performance in women athletes. Fifteen collegiate soccer players participated, with mean age, height, and body mass equal to 19.5±1.1 year, 168.4±5.8 cm, and 63.4±6.1 kg, respectively. After performing a familiarization trial, subjects performed three sets of eight bouts of the modified t test after ingestion of 255 mL of placebo or Red Bull 1 h pre-exercise in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design...

We sought to determine the clinical and physiologic significance of electrocardiographic complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) and incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) in trained athletes. The 12-lead electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data from 510 competitive athletes were analyzed. Compared to the 51 age-, sport type-, and gender-matched athletes with normal 12-lead electrocardiographic QRS complex duration, the 44 athletes with IRBBB (9%) and 13 with CRBBB (3%) had larger right ventricular (RV) dimensions, as measured by the basal RV end-diastolic diameter (CRBBB 43 ± 3 mm, IRBBB 38 ± 6 mm, normal QRS complex 35 ± 4 mm, p <0...

Preparticipation screening programmes for underlying cardiac pathologies are now commonplace for many international sporting organisations. However, providing medical clearance for an asymptomatic athlete without a family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is especially challenging when the athlete demonstrates particularly abnormal repolarisation patterns, highly suggestive of an inherited cardiomyopathy or channelopathy. Deep T-wave inversions of ≥ 2 contiguous anterior or lateral leads (but not aVR, and III) are of major concern for sports cardiologists who advise referring team physicians, as these ECG alterations are a recognised manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)...

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important role in physical performance. However, the cardiac ANS activity in high-level track and field athletes has been poorly explored. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that endurance and power athletes would present a markedly different cardiac autonomic control at rest. We analyzed the cardiac ANS by means of time and frequency domains heart rate variability (HRV) analyses and by symbolic analysis. Endurance athletes showed higher pulse interval than power athletes (1,265±126 vs...

OBJECTIVE: Echocardiographic cut-off values are often used for cardiac MRI in athletic persons. This study investigates the difference between echocardiographic and cardiac MRI measurements of ventricular and atrial dimensions and ventricular wall thickness, and its effect on volume and wall mass prediction in athletic subjects compared with non-athletic controls. METHODS: Healthy non-athletic (59), regular athletic (59) and elite athletic (63) persons, aged 18-39 years and training 2...

OBJECTIVE: LV longitudinal strain, a recognised marker of LV function, has been recently applied to the evaluation of the athlete's heart. At present, little is known about the influence of training on LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) in athletes. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the impact of training on LV longitudinal strain and twist mechanics in a cohort of competitive athletes. METHODS: Ninety-one competitive athletes, practising team sports and competing at national or international level, were analysed...

Many athletes, coaches, and support staff are taking an increasingly scientific approach to both designing and monitoring training programs. Appropriate load monitoring can aid in determining whether an athlete is adapting to a training program and in minimizing the risk of developing non-functional overreaching, illness, and/or injury. In order to gain an understanding of the training load and its effect on the athlete, a number of potential markers are available for use. However, very few of these markers have strong scientific evidence supporting their use, and there is yet to be a single, definitive marker described in the literature...