Mechanotransducive surfaces for enhanced cell osteogenesis, a review.

Novel strategies employing mechano-transducing materials eliciting biological outcomes have recently emerged for controlling cellular behaviour. Targeted cellular responses are achieved by manipulating physical, chemical, or biochemical modification of material properties. Advances in techniques such as nanopatterning, chemical modification, biochemical molecule embedding, force-tuneable materials, and artificial extracellular matrices are helping understand cellular mechanotransduction. Collectively, these strategies manipulate cellular sensing and regulate signalling cascades including focal adhesions, YAP-TAZ transcription factors, and multiple osteogenic pathways. In this minireview, we are providing a summary of the influence that these materials, particularly titanium-based orthopaedic materials, have on cells. We also highlight recent complementary methodological developments including, but not limited to, the use of metabolomics for identification of active biomolecules that drive cellular differentiation.