Conformational and Electronic Variations in 1,2- and 1,6-Cyclophellitols and Their Impact on Retaining α-Glucosidase Inhibition.

Glycoside hydrolases (glycosidases) take part in myriad biological processes and are important therapeutic targets. Competitive and mechanism-based inhibitors are useful tools to dissect their biological role and comprise a good starting point for drug discovery. The natural product, cyclophellitol, a mechanism-based, covalent and irreversible retaining β-glucosidase inhibitor has inspired the design of diverse α- and β-glycosidase inhibitor and activity-based probe scaffolds. Here, we sought to deepen our understanding of the structural and functional requirements of cyclophellitol-type compounds for effective human α-glucosidase inhibition. We synthesized a comprehensive set of α-configured 1,2- and 1,6-cyclophellitol analogues bearing a variety of electrophilic traps. The inhibitory potency of these compounds was assessed towards both lysosomal and ER retaining α-glucosidases. These studies revealed the 1,6-cyclophellitols to be the most potent retaining α-glucosidase inhibitors, with the nature of the electrophile determining inhibitory mode of action (covalent or non-covalent). DFT calculations support the ability of the 1,6-cyclophellitols, but not the 1,2-congeners, to adopt conformations that mimic either the Michaelis complex or transition state of α-glucosidases.