Is the occurrence of reversed airflow in manual ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation associated with reduced net tidal volumes?

BACKGROUND: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, following advanced airway placement, chest compressions and ventilations are performed simultaneously. During inspiration, chest compressions and positive pressure ventilation exert opposite forces on the respiratory system, frequently resulting in reversed airflow.

METHODS: Following endotracheal intubation, a flow sensor was connected to the respiratory circuit of intubated, adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients receiving manual chest compressions and manual ventilations. Chest compression parameters were measured using an accelerometer. Inspiratory and expiratory volumes during the inspiratory phase of positive pressure ventilations were quantified. Duration of the inspiratory and expiratory phases was calculated.

RESULTS: In this study, 25 patients were included, 682 ventilations were analyzed. Reversed airflow was observed in 23 patients, occurring 389 times during 270 ventilations. Median volume of reversed airflow was 2 mL (IQR 1.4-7 mL). There was no difference between net tidal volumes of ventilations during which reversed airflow did (median 420 mL, IQR 315-549) or did not occur (median 406 mL, IQR 308-530). When reversed airflow occurred, the duration of the inspiratory phase was longer (median 1.2 sec, IQR 0.9-1.4) compared to ventilations without reversed airflow (median 0.9 sec, IQR 0.9-1.4). Univariate analysis showed a weak correlation between chest compression depth and volume of reversed airflow.

CONCLUSION: Reversed airflow frequently occurs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Volumes of reversed airflow were small, showing a weak correlation with chest compression depth. The occurrence of reversed airflow was not associated with reduced net tidal volumes.