Protein corona exacerbated inflammatory response in macrophages elicited by CdTe quantum dots.

Nano-bio interface is significant concern in nanomedicine. When nanoparticles (NPs) come into contact with cells, they form complexes with proteins known as protein corona (PC). Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) have been applied as bioimaging probes and for macrophage theragnostic. However, the impact of protein corona on the behavior of CdTe QDs is not well understood. Macrophages play a crucial role in defending against NPs. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were used to investigated the inflammatory response in macrophages when exposed to CdTe QDs before and after PC formation in fetal bovine serum. The results indicated that protein corona polarized more macrophages towards M1 phenotype. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that PC-CdTe QDs altered a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to CdTe QDs (177 and 398) at 1.0 μM in macrophages. The DEGs affected by PC-CdTe QDs contained several personalized inflammatory cytokines. The enriched pathways after PC formation included Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, etc. Furthermore, PC specifically exacerbated the overexpression of CCL2 and IL-1β proteins. Importantly, PC altered the mechanism of CdTe QD-induced pyroptosis, shifting it from activating NLRC4 to both NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, and from cleaving GSDMD and GSDMB to GSDMB alone. Overall, protein corona exacerbated the inflammatory response induced by CdTe QDs in macrophages. This study provides valuable insight into the pro-inflammatory effect of protein corona on CdTe QDs, with implications for their use in bioimaging or macrophage theragnostic by either exploiting or eliminating this biological interface effect.