Application of next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of fetuses with congenital heart defects.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defects, and are thought to result from genetic-environmental interactions. Currently, karyotype and chromosomal microarray analyses are the primary methods used to detect chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetuses with CHD. Recently, with the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in prenatal diagnosis, gene mutations have been identified in cases of CHD. The purpose of this review is to summarize current studies about the genetic cause of fetal CHD, paying particular attention to the application of NGS for fetuses with CHD.

RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations are an important genetic cause of fetal CHD. Furthermore, incidences of pathogenic mutations in fetuses with CHD are associated with the presence of other structural anomalies, but are irrelevant to the categories of CHD.

SUMMARY: Gene mutations are important causes of fetal CHD and NGS should be applied to all fetuses with normal karyotype and copy number variations, regardless of whether the CHD is isolated or syndromic.