The interaction of lipid-liganded gold clusters (Aurora TM ) with lipid bilayers.

Lipid bilayers of different phospholipid compositions have been prepared, in the form of vesicles, or of supported lipid bilayers, and doped with AuroraTM at 0.1 mol%. AuroraTM consists of an Au55 gold nanoparticle (about 1.4 nm in diameter) capped with triphenylphosphine ligands and a single diglyceride (distearoyl glycerol) ligand. Gold nanoparticles have been incorporated in the past inside liposomes, or grafted onto their surfaces, with diagnostic or therapeutic aims. Including the gold nanoparticles in a stable form within the lipid bilayers has serious technical difficulties. We have tested the hypothesis that, because of the diglyceride ligand, AuroraTM would allow the easy incorporation of gold nanoclusters into cell membranes or lipid bilayers. Our results show that AuroraTM readily incorporates into lipid bilayers, particularly when they are in the fluid phase, i.e. the state in which cell membranes exist. Calorimetric, fluorescence polarization or fluorescence confocal microscopy concur in showing that bilayer-embedded AuroraTM hardly changes the physical properties of the bilayers, nor does it perturb the phase equilibrium in lipid mixtures giving rise to lateral phase separation in the plane of the membrane. Atomic force microscopy shows, in fluid bilayers, well-resolved particles, 1.2 - 2.9 nm in height, that are interpreted as single AuroraTM conjugates. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy allows the clear observation of lipid bilayers with an enhanced contrast due to the AuroraTM gold nanoparticles; the single particles can be resolved at high magnification. Our studies support the applicability of AuroraTM as a membrane-friendly form of nano-gold particles for biological research or clinical applications.