Intermediates of N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Dimerization Probed in the Gas Phase by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: C-H⋯:C Hydrogen Bonding vs. Covalent Dimer Formation.

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs; :C) can interact with azolium salts (CH+) by either forming an H-bonded aggregate (CHC+), or a covalent C-C bond (CCH+). In this study, intramolecular NHC-azolium salt interactions of aromatic imidazolin-2-ylidenes and saturated imidazolidin-2-ylidenes were investigated in the gas phase by travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TW IMS) and DFT calculations. The TW IMS experiments provided evidence for the formation of these important intermediates in the gas phase, and they identified the predominant aggregation mode (H-bond vs. covalent C-C) as a function of the nature of the interacting carbene-azolium pairs.