Lifestyle patterns and endocrine, metabolic, and immunological biomarkers in European adolescents: The HELENA study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of lifestyle patterns related to physical activity (PA), sedentariness, and sleep with endocrine, metabolic, and immunological health biomarkers in European adolescents.

METHODS: The present cross-sectional study comprised 3528 adolescents (1845 girls) (12.5-17.5 years) enrolled in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Study. Cluster analysis was performed by including body composition, PA by accelerometry, self-reported sedentary behaviors, and sleep duration. We also measured endocrine, metabolic, and immunological biomarkers.

RESULTS: Three-cluster solutions were identified: (a) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time and sedentary time, (b) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time, sedentary time and sleep time, (c) light-PA time, moderate-vigorous-PA time, sedentary time and body composition. In addition, each cluster solution was defined as: "healthy," "medium healthy," and "unhealthy" according to the presented rating. Analysis of variance showed that overall the healthiest groups from the three clusters analyzed presented a better metabolic profile. A decision tree analysis showed that leptin had a strong association with cluster 3 in both boys and girls, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had the strongest association with clusters 1 and 3 in boys. Cortisol had the strongest association with cluster 1. HOMA index (homeostatic model assessment) and C3 showed a strong association with cluster 3 in girls.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the existence of different interactions between metabolic health and lifestyle patterns related to PA, sedentariness, and sleep, with some gender-specific findings. These results highlight the importance to consider multiple lifestyle-related health factors in the assessment of adolescents' health to plan favorable strategies.