Axonal Projections From the Middle Temporal Area in the Common Marmoset.

Neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area is modulated by the direction and speed of motion of visual stimuli. The area is buried in a sulcus in the macaque, but exposed to the cortical surface in the marmoset, making the marmoset an ideal animal model for studying MT function. To better understand the details of the roles of this area in cognition, underlying anatomical connections need to be clarified. Because most anatomical tracing studies in marmosets have used retrograde tracers, the axonal projections remain uncharacterized. In order to examine axonal projections from MT, we utilized adeno-associated viral (AAV) tracers, which work as anterograde tracers by expressing either green or red fluorescent protein in infected neurons. AAV tracers were injected into three sites in MT based on retinotopy maps obtained via in vivo optical intrinsic signal imaging. Brains were sectioned and divided into three series, one for fluorescent image scanning and two for myelin and Nissl substance staining to identify specific brain areas. Overall projection patterns were similar across the injections. MT projected to occipital visual areas V1, V2, V3 (VLP) and V4 (VLA) and surrounding areas in the temporal cortex including MTC (V4T), MST, FST, FSTv (PGa/IPa) and TE3. There were also projections to the dorsal visual pathway, V3A (DA), V6 (DM) and V6A, the intraparietal areas AIP, LIP, MIP, frontal A4ab and the prefrontal cortex, A8aV and A8C. There was a visuotopic relationship with occipital visual areas. In a marmoset in which two tracer injections were made, the projection targets did not overlap in A8aV and AIP, suggesting topographic projections from different parts of MT. Most of these areas are known to send projections back to MT, suggesting that they are reciprocally connected with it.