Laboratory study of creosote removal from sand at elevated temperatures.

In situ thermal treatment (ISTT) technologies have been applied at sites impacted by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). There is a need to establish expectations for the treatment of semi-volatile NAPLs, including those consisting primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the potential benefits and limitations of partial NAPL removal. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate NAPL removal and soil concentrations during the heating of creosote-impacted sand, as well as aqueous concentrations during post-heating dissolution. The results showed co-boiling near the water boiling temperature due to the low volatility of most creosote components, with limited decreases in NAPL saturation (from 30% to 21% of the pore space). Decreases in soil concentration were more substantial than decreases in NAPL saturation (by a factor of 2-180), with greater removal for higher-volatility components at higher treatment temperatures. Results of the dissolution experiments showed mixed results, with decreases in the aqueous concentrations for 12 of 15 components, but increases in aqueous concentrations for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene after heating to 205 °C or 320 °C. Overall, the results illustrate the utility of bench-scale treatability tests in helping to establish ISTT goals and expectations.