Development of the Typical Driving Cycle for Buses in Hanoi, Vietnam.

This paper develops a typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi without deconstructing the naturalistic driving patterns. Real velocity-time data were collected along 15 routes in inner city. The raw velocity-time series were preprocessed to remove errors, smooth and denoise. These data, then, were tested for the stationary before use in the driving cycle construction process based on Markov chain theory. The fourteen representative parameters of driving cycle including vehicle specific power (VSP), which were extracted from 33 driving cycle parameters by the hierarchical agglomerative clustering, were used to integrate the features of realistic driving patterns into the typical driving cycle. The conformity of developed driving cycle with the real-world driving data was evaluated by the speed-acceleration frequency distribution (SAFD). A typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi (HBDC) with the SAFD of 13.2% was developed. This is the first driving cycle developed for buses in Vietnam. Implications A typical driving cycle was developed for the first time for buses in Hanoi. With the deviation in speed-acceleration frequency distribution (SAFD) reaching to 13.2%, the developed driving cycle reflects well the overall real-world driving data in the city. This driving cycle, therefore, can be applied for the development of the country-specific emission factors and emission inventories for buses which are a very good tool as well as useful information for integrated air quality management in Hanoi.