Tools for Low-Dimensional Chemistry.

Many biological mechanisms can be considered to be low-dimensional systems: their function is determined by molecular objects of reduced dimensionality. Bacterial photosynthesis is a very good example: the photosynthetic pathway is contained within nano-objects (vesicles) whose function is determined by the numbers and nanoscale organization of membrane proteins, and by the ratios of the different types of protein that they contain. Systems biology has provided computational models for studying these processes, but there is a need for experimental platforms with which to test their predictions. This Feature Article reviews recent work on the development of tools for the reconstruction of membrane processes on solid surfaces. Photochemical methods provide a powerful, versatile means for the organization of molecules and membranes across length-scales from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. Polymer brushes are highly effective supports for model membranes and versatile functional and structural components in low-dimensional systems. The incorporation of plasmonic elements facilitates enhanced measurement of spectroscopic properties and provides an additional design strategy via the exploitation of quantum optical phenomena. A low-dimensional system that incorporates functional transmembrane proteins and a mechanism for in situ measurement of proton transport is described.