[Thoracoscopic Surgery].

Thoracoscopic devices have become essential in general thoracic surgery. In the past 30 years, many reports about thoracoscopic surgery have expanded the indications to include malignant neoplasms. Various optional procedures including uniportal, non-intubated, robotic, and needlescopic techniques have been developed and more than 70% of lung cancer operations are currently performed using thoracoscopy in Japan. Although there are many choices for minimally invasive surgery, the long-term outcome of these options remains unclear. In addition, training systems for younger surgeons have not provided exposure to novel optional methods, as there are few high-volume centers in Japan.