Preventive therapy for HIV-associated tuberculosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLHIV) despite the achievements in antiretroviral therapy coverage. TB preventive therapy (TPT) has proved efficacy but has been neglected and poorly implemented. We reviewed recent publications and guidelines about TPT in PLHIV.

RECENT FINDINGS: High-quality studies showed that TPT has a durable effect, over 5 years, preventing TB and all-cause mortality. There is new evidence showing the noninferiority of shorter, rifamycin-based regimens of TPT increasing the options for treatment. Recent studies describing robust implementation in different settings showed promising results for feasibility, tolerance, retention, and cost-effectiveness. New WHO recommendations, unifying previous versions, have been released to guide countries implementation.

SUMMARY: New evidence support the scale up of TPT for PLHIV globally, further studies are needed to bring more evidence for specific populations, like pregnant women and for drug-drug interactions with antiretroviral agents.