Targeting the BRD4-HOXB13 Co-regulated Transcriptional Networks with Bromodomain-Kinase Inhibitors to Suppress Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Resistance to Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists is a significant problem in the treatment of Castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs). Identification of the mechanisms by which CRPCs evade Androgen Deprivation Therapies (ADT) is critical to develop novel therapeutics. We uncovered that CRPCs rely on BRD4-HOXB13 epigenetic reprogramming for androgen-independent cell proliferation. Mechanistically, BRD4, a member of the BET bromodomain family epigenetically promotes HOXB13 expression. Consistently, genetic disruption or pharmacological suppression of HOXB13 mRNA and protein expression by the novel dual activity BET bromodomain-kinase inhibitors directly correlates with rapid induction of apoptosis, potent inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, inhibits cell migration and suppresses CRPC growth. Integrative analysis revealed that the BRD4-HOXB13 transcriptome comprises a proliferative gene network implicated in cell cycle progression, nucleotide metabolism and chromatin assembly. Notably, while the core HOXB13 target genes responsive to BET inhibitors (HOTBIN10) are overexpressed in metastatic cases, in ADT treated CRPC cell lines and patient derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) they are insensitive to AR depletion or blockade. Among the HOTBIN10 genes, AURKB and MELK expression correlate with HOXB13 expression in CTCs of mCRPC patients who did not respond to Abiraterone (ABR), suggesting that AURKB inhibitors could be used additionally against high-risk HOXB13 positive metastatic PCs. Combined, our study demonstrates that BRD4-HOXB13-HOTBIN10 regulatory circuit maintains the malignant state of CRPCs and identifies a core pro-proliferative network driving ADT resistance that is targetable with potent dual activity bromodomain-kinase inhibitors.