A Heartfelt Message, Estrogen Replacement Therapy: Use It or Lose It.

The issue of cardiovascular and cognitive health in women is complex. During the premenopausal phase of life women have healthy blood pressure (BP) levels that are lower than age-matched men and they have less cardiovascular disease. However, in the post-menopausal stage of life women's BP increases and they are increasingly susceptible to cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairments and dementia, exceeding the incidence in men. The major difference between pre- and post-menopausal women is the loss of estrogen. Thus, it seemed logical that post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy, with or without a progestin, generally referred to as menopausal hormone treatment (MHT), would prevent these adverse sequelae. However, despite initially promising results, a major randomized clinical trial refuted the benefits of MHT leading to it falling from favor. However, reappraisal of this study in the framework of a "Critical Window", or "Timing Hypothesis" has changed our perspective on the benefit to risk ratio of MHT and this review discusses the historical, current and future approaches to MHT.