Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Animals from Captivity (Zoo and Circus Animals).

Problems with parasitic infections are common in zoological gardens and circuses, and can lead in some animals to several disorders such as systemic disease, reproductive disorders (abortions and neonatal mortality), and even to death if severe illness is untreated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of three parasites in 74 animals from three zoos, and four circuses in Southern Italy. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in 51%, 12 % and 20% of animals, respectively. Co-infections of T. gondii and N. caninum were reported in seven animals (9%) and co-infection of T. gondii and E. cuniculi in one animal. T. gondii seroprevalence differed in animal families (p ≤ 0.0001) and type of diet (p ≤ 0.0001). N. caninum seroprevalence differed in type of diet (p ≤ 0.037) and E. cuniculi seroprevalence differed according to type of housing (p ≤ 0.003) and type of diet (p ≤ 0.004). Statistical differences were not found in other characteristics (gender, age, country of birth, origin, and contact with cats or dogs). This is the first serological study focusing on protozoan and microsporidian parasites in zoo and circus animals from southern Italy and the first detection of antibodies to E. cuniculi in camels in Europe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.