Cerebral microbleeds: hearing through the silence - a narrative review.

OBJECTIVE: The term cerebral microbleed (CMB) refers to lesions documented as unexpected findings during computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination of the brain. Initially, a CMB was thought to represent hemosiderin-laden macrophages marking an area of a tiny hemorrhage. Recently, histopathologic studies have shown that the structure of a CMB can be variable. To aid in dealing with this finding and judging its clinical significance, this review addresses important aspects of a CMB including the definition, prevalence and incidence in various populations, end-organ damage, associated conditions, and whether any action or treatment by the clinician might be indicated.

METHODS: PubMed Medline, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Current Contents, and Derwent Drug Files databases were searched for the keywords "microbleeds-detection-damage," "silent bleeds," "microbleeds," or "silent bleeds AND hemophilia" from 2011 to 2016. References of retrieved articles were also reviewed and included if applicable.

RESULTS: The published data are found primarily in the imaging literature and focus on diagnostic techniques. Some publications address relationships with diverse, co-existing clinical conditions and implications for treatment, especially in stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and antithrombotic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS: It is critical for nonradiologist clinicians (primary care, internists, neurologists, hematologists) to be aware of the potential importance of the finding of a CMB, and the fact that these lesions are not always truly silent or without important clinical consequences. As additional studies appear, clinicians may be able to "hear" more clearly through the silence of the CMB and understand potential clinical implications in patients.