Removal of anti-inflammatory/analgesic pharmaceuticals from urban wastewater in a pilot-scale A 2 O system: Linking performance and microbial population dynamics to operating variables.

In this study, the removal rates of eight anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic pharmaceuticals, AIAPs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, codeine, indomethacin and propyphenazone) were assessed in a pilot-scale A2 O system (including anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones), long term operated during two experimental phases using different sets of environmental conditions and operating parameters. qPCR was used to quantify the absolute abundances of total Bacteria, total Archaea, mycolic-acid containing filamentous Actinobacteria (Mycolata) and Fungi within the activated sludge microbial community developed in the system. Multivariate analyses and Spearman correlation coefficients were used in search of significant links among the removal rates of the AIAPs, the abundances of the targeted microbial groups in the activated sludge, and the changes of environmental/operating variables in the A2 O system. Improved removal efficiencies of several of the AIAPs analyzed (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen) were correlated to higher organic load in the influent water, higher concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), lower temperature and lower food-to-microorganisms ratio (F/M). Removal efficiencies of several pharmaceuticals correlated with increased abundances of Mycolata in the A2 O system, pointing at this group of bacteria as candidate key players for AIAPs removal in activated sludge.