Chronic lung disease in preterm infants receiving various modes of noninvasive ventilation at ≤30 weeks' postmenstrual age.

Objective: To determine the incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD) in mechanically ventilated infants who were born at <29 weeks' gestational age (GA), extubated to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), and treated with CPAP/NIPPV alone, changed to heated humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC), or exposed to a combination of CPAP/NIPPV and HHHFNC at ≤30 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). Study design: Retrospective cohort study of infants born at <29 weeks' GA admitted to tertiary Canadian neonatal intensive care units between 2011 and 2015. Infants were grouped according to the type of noninvasive ventilation they received at ≤30 weeks' PMA: CPAP/NIPPV alone, HHHFNC alone, or a combination of both. Results: Of the 2378 eligible infants, 1091 (46%) were on CPAP/NIPPV alone, 173 (7.3%) were on HHHFNC alone, and 1114 (47%) were on a combination of CPAP/NIPPV and HHHFNC at ≤30 weeks' PMA until weaned to room air or low flow nasal cannula. After adjustment for confounders, infants in both the CPAP/NIPPV (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]; 2.37 [1.18, 4.79]) and Combination (3.47 [2.06, 5.86]) groups had higher odds of developing CLD than infants in the HHHFNC group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that infants transitioned to HHHFNC ≤30 weeks' PMA after extubation to CPAP/NIPPV were associated with a lower odds of CLD than infants maintained on CPAP/NIPPV or a combination of CPAP/NIPPV and HHHFNC.