Combined Effect of CO 2 and Temperature on Wheat Powdery Mildew Development.

The effect of simulated climate changes by applying different temperatures and CO2 levels was investigated in the Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici /wheat pathosystem. Healthy and inoculated plants were exposed in single phytotrons to six CO2 +temperature combinations: (1) 450 ppm CO2 /18-22°C (ambient CO2 and low temperature), (2) 850 ppm CO2 /18-22°C (elevated CO2 and low temperature), (3) 450 ppm CO2 /22-26°C (ambient CO2 and medium temperature), (4) 850 ppm CO2 /22-26°C (elevated CO2 and medium temperature), (5) 450 ppm CO2 /26-30°C (ambient CO2 and high temperature), and (6) 850 ppm CO2 /26-30°C (elevated CO2 and high temperature). Powdery mildew disease index, fungal DNA quantity, plant death incidence, plant expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes, plant growth parameters, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Both CO2 and temperature, and their interaction significantly influenced powdery mildew development. The most advantageous conditions for the progress of powdery mildew on wheat were low temperature and ambient CO2 . High temperatures inhibited pathogen growth independent of CO2 conditions, and no typical powdery mildew symptoms were observed. Elevated CO2 did not stimulate powdery mildew development, but was detrimental for plant vitality. Similar abundance of three PR transcripts was found, and the level of their expression was different between six phytotron conditions. Real time PCR quantification of Bgt was in line with the disease index results, but this technique succeeded to detect the pathogen also in asymptomatic plants. Overall, future global warming scenarios may limit the development of powdery mildew on wheat in Mediterranean area, unless the pathogen will adapt to higher temperatures.