Real-Time Emergency Department Electronic Notifications Regarding High-Risk Patients: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: To systematically review evidence on the feasibility and efficacy of real-time electronic notifications about patients at high risk of emergency department (ED) recidivism.

METHODS: Eight electronic databases were searched for empirical studies of real-time ED-based electronic tools, identifying adult patients at high risk of frequent utilization. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Qualitative data synthesis and assessment of strength of evidence were conducted through consensus discussion.

RESULTS: Of 2,256 records found through the search, 210 were duplicates, 2,004 were excluded based on abstract review, and 31 were excluded after full text review. The final sample consisted of 10 studies described in 11 articles describing the effect of real-time ED-based electronic notifications for high-risk patients. Three were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). All notifications were based on prespecified markers of risk. Seven studies integrated complex care plans into the electronic health record. Effect on ED use and length of stay (LOS) was mixed: nine studies reported decreased ED use, although results were statistically significant in only three studies; for LOS, one study reported a statistically significant reduction. Impact on cost and financial metrics was promising, with three (of three studies reporting this metric) showing improved organizational financial metrics. Three RCTs reported a reduction in opioid prescriptions.

CONCLUSIONS: Real-time electronic notifications of ED providers regarding patients at high risk of ED recidivism are feasible. They may help reduce resource utilization and costs. Large knowledge gaps remain regarding patient- and provider-centered outcomes.