Echo-guided invasive pain therapy: indications and limitations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purposes of this review are to summarize the advantages and limitations of ultrasound-guided pain interventions, and to illustrate those interventions with peripheral, axial and musculoskeletal pain procedures.

RECENT FINDINGS: With the capability of locating the interfascial plane, ultrasonography has led to the emergence of a series of plane blocks for the thoracoabdominal region in the recent decade.Ultrasonography for musculoskeletal procedures has been of growing interest because of the major advantage of direct visualization and scanning of various soft tissues and real-time spread in the injectate, thereby enhancing precision and efficacy, reducing risk of trauma and avoidance of radiation. For spine and intra-articular structures, ultrasonography is complicated by the bony shadow artefact and often deep location of the structure, making acquisition of ultrasound image challenging. Despite these difficulties, there is growing interest in applying ultrasonography for cervical spine and sacroiliac joint procedures.

SUMMARY: Pain intervention under ultrasound guidance is particularly valuable in peripheral and musculoskeletal procedures. There is growing interest of its application in cervical spine and sacroiliac joint. More outcome studies are required in the future to make ultrasound-guided pain intervention as the established procedure.