Optimizing renal transplant Doppler ultrasound.

Doppler ultrasound is routinely used for the post-operative evaluation of renal transplant patients. Knowledge of the surgical anatomy and application of a robust technique are important for appropriate evaluation of a transplanted kidney. In this review article, we discuss the surgical anatomy of renal transplantation, techniques to optimize image acquisition, as well as commonly associated pitfalls with Doppler ultrasound evaluation of renal grafts.