Validation of new online game-based executive function tasks for children.

Numerous tasks are available to measure executive functions (EFs; working memory, inhibition, and flexibility) in children. However, they differ massively in the way they are presented and framed. Some contain child-friendly stimuli, feedback, or game elements likely to increase motivation and interest to perform the tasks, whereas others do not. Yet, it is unclear whether these apparent differences affect task performance. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop and validate new game-based tasks assessing EFs in children. We designed three tasks for each dimension of EF and implemented them in a game version (based on the motivational framework proposed by Ryan and Deci (2000) and a standard version. The game-based tasks included elements designed to improve perceived competence (appealing feedback), autonomy (choosing how the protagonists proceed), and relatedness (a child-friendly cover story). To investigate whether adding these game elements influenced the motivation to engage in these tasks and task performance, 60 children (third and fourth graders) performed the game-based version and the standard version in two sessions (counterbalanced across participants). Because both the game-based and standard versions of the tasks should tap the same cognitive processes, we also tested whether performances in both versions were correlated. We found higher self-reported motivation in terms of interest, perceived competence, and relatedness after performing the game-based version as compared with the standard version. Performance on the game-based and standard versions of most of the tasks was significantly correlated, and there were no performance differences between the game-based and standard versions.