Protocol Duodenal Graft Biopsies Aid Pancreas Graft Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Histological evaluation of the pancreas graft is usually done on demand resulting in significant delays. This analysis reports on endoscopic protocol duodenal graft biopsies at regular intervals to determine feasibility, safety and monitoring benefits.

METHODS: Protocol duodenal graft biopsies in 27 18 consecutive pancreas transplants (10 simultaneous pancreas kidney [SPK], 17 pancreas after kidney [PAK]) with a follow-up of a minimum of 12 months were performed at days 14, 30, 90, 180, 360, 430. UPMC classification for intestinal rejection was used. C4d staining was performed when antibody mediated rejection was suspected.

RESULTS: Overall patient and pancreas graft survival was 100% and 93% at a mean follow-up of 2.8 years. 167 endoscopic biopsy procedures were performed in 27 grafts without any complication. Biopsies revealed rejection in 3 (30%) SPK recipients and in 15 (82%) of PAK recipients as early as 14 days posttransplant. Two patients underwent PAK retransplantation diagnosed with acute rejection at day 180. All except 1 recipient being treated for rejection, showed histological improvement following antirejection treatment. Following transient treatment success, a total of 3 pancreas grafts were lost for immunological reason. One loss was immediate despite antirejection treatment, 1 secondary to nonresolving rejection at 7 months and the third due to recurrent rejection 15 months posttransplantation. Additionally, biopsies detected vascular (venous thrombosis) and overimmunosuppression (CMV infection) complications.

CONCLUSIONS: Protocol graft duodenal biopsies detect complications following whole organ pancreas transplantation, are useful in guiding therapy and carry potential for improving outcome.