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Association of physical activity with age-related changes in muscle echo intensity in older adults: A 4-year longitudinal study.

Ultrasonic echo intensity (EI), an easy-to-use measure of intramuscular fat and fibrous tissues, is known to increase with aging. However, age-related changes in EI have not been examined in a longitudinal design. The objective of this study was to investigate 4-year longitudinal changes in the EI of the quadriceps femoris in older adults, based on difference in physical activity (PA). This study included 131 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 72.9 {plus minus} 5.2 years. Subcutaneous fat thickness (FT), muscle thickness (MT), and EI of the quadriceps femoris were measured by ultrasound. Isometric knee extensor strength was also measured. PA was assessed using a questionnaire at baseline, and participants were classified into the high- or low-PA groups. In 4 years, significant decrease in FT, MT, and strength was observed in both groups (P < 0.05) while significant decrease in EI was observed only in the high-PA group (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the difference in PA was a significant predictor of 4-year changes in MT (β= 0.189, P = 0.031) and EI (β= -3.145, P = 0.045), but not in the body mass index, FT, or strength adjusted for potential confounders. The present findings suggest that greater PA has a positive effect on longitudinal changes in the MT and EI of the quadriceps femoris in older adults. In addition, greater PA may contribute to future decrease in EI, and increase in EI may not occur in 4 years even in older adults with lesser PA.

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