Validation and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Macrobrachium Nipponense .

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is widely used in molecular biology, although the accuracy of the quantitative results is determined by the stability of the reference genes used. Recent studies have investigated suitable reference genes for some crustaceans under various conditions, but studies in Macrobrachium nipponense are currently lacking. In this study, we selected the following seven genes from among 35 commonly used housekeeping genes as candidate qPCR reference genes for temporal and spatial expression: EIF ( eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A ), 18S ( 18S ribosomal RNA ), EF-1α ( elongation factor-1α ), GAPDH ( glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ), TUB ( α-tubulin ), β-act ( β-actin ), and RPL18 ( Ribosomal protein L18 ). The stability of each reference gene was evaluated by GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative ∆C t methods, and was comprehensively ranked using RefFinder. RPL18 was shown to be the most suitable reference gene for adult M. nipponense tissues, while EIF was the most stable in different ovarian and embryo stages and in white spot syndrome virus infection, and β-act was the most stable reference gene under hypoxia stress. The reliability of the rankings was confirmed by RNA interference experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first systematic analysis of reference genes for qPCR experiments in M. nipponense , and the results will provide invaluable information for future research in closely related crustaceans.