Regenerative medicine for urological tissues: Updated review 2018.

The focus of the present review on regenerative medicine is limited; first, on a few human clinical trials carried out thus far in the urology field, and second, on more basic but important biological progress that regenerative medicine has brought us. Clinical trials for the bladder, urethra and urethral sphincter have been carried out thus far. Reconstruction with autologous cell-seeded biomaterial failed in patients in need of bladder augmentation. The strategy succeeded for urethral reconstruction in patients who might not have required this approach. Sphincter function improvement was attained by cell therapy, but did not equal the conventional standard therapy - the artificial sphincter. The radical progress in regenerative medicine is reported in more basic stem cell technology. The strategy to induce therapeutic cells from inducible pluripotent stem cells has shed novel light on developmental biology. In vitro creation of novel kidney tissue from inducible pluripotent stem cells has been attained. Other kinds of therapeutic cells could also be induced from the inducible pluripotent stem cells. Research should be encouraged to fill the gap between patient needs and what current regenerative medicine can attain.