Brain activation patterns following a cooperation opportunity in a highly social cichlid fish.

In highly social species, individuals frequently face opportunities to cooperate. The molecular and neural mechanisms that integrate internal and external information prior to cooperative responses are not well understood. Using expression levels of egr-1, a genomic marker of neural activity, we quantified the neural response to an alloparental-care opportunity in a cooperatively breeding fish, a component of cooperative behaviour, across brain regions and time. In this species, alloparental care and submission are considered alternative strategies to appease dominants. We therefore investigated whether brood care and defence as well as submissive displays were associated with egr-1 expression. Finally, we predicted potential targets of the egr-1 transcription factor in the cichlid genome. This target prediction suggested that egr-1 regulates the expression of transcription factors involved in nervous system development, which could be implicated in social memory formation associated with cooperation. Egr-1 expression levels differed between test and control individuals and across time. Compared to a control, individuals experiencing the cooperation opportunity expressed less egr-1 in two brain regions, the cerebellum and the telencephalon. This down-regulation was independent of their behavioural reaction, i.e. whether they cooperated or not. However, within the subset of test individuals, egr-1 expression increased as a function of the amount of submissive behaviours, but not of cooperative behaviours, in the hypothalamus and potentially the telencephalon. These regions host structures that play a role in social decision-making; suggesting that egr-1 might be a suitable proxy for neural activation due to the social interaction component of the cooperation opportunity, rather than the actual alloparental care component.