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Manuscript "The metapodials of ancient bison (Bison priscus Boj.) of North-Eastern Russia: "stress markers", sex and withers height".

Integrative Zoology 2018 July 19
175 metapodials (MP) of Pleistocene and early Holocene bison (Bison priscus Boj.) from the vast area of NE Russia were studied. MP were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically. Data on the withers height of bison from NE Russia are provided. Stress markers were recorded, including so-called "buttresses". With rare exceptions stress markers were not of a pathological nature. The origin and development of the buttresses are age-related; their prevalence in bison females can be considered as the response to an increased load during pregnancy. Changes in the periosteum, found in males, are related to their greater activity. Buttresses are also well-developed on metatarsals of the red deer and the elk; less-developed in the reindeer and not found in the giant deer. A relationship between stress markers, locomotion, and the environment is established. Possible peculiarities of the Rauchua River bison locomotion are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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