A non-invasive spectroscopic study to evaluate both technological features and conservation state of two types of ancient Roman coloured bricks.

The study of both original and decaying compounds is relevant in understanding the chemistry behind the deterioration processes, above all in open museum contexts where environmental stressors affect the artefacts. In this sense, a combination of non-invasive spectroscopy techniques (Raman spectroscopy, μ-X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction) was applied on an ancient Roman building (130 CE), the "Casa di Diana" Mithraeum at Ostia Antica archaeological site. The aim is to study the raw materials, manufacturing and decaying products of the two observed types of Roman fired bricks (red and yellow) that compose the building. The present study estimates an illite raw material of carbonate-bearing marine clay likely referring to the common deposits of central/southern Italy, which contain calcite as accessory phase and a-plastic fraction constituted by quartz, feldspar and opaques. This clay material was added with volcanic temper characterised by abundant clinopyroxene and analcime (from analcimization of leucite) that are typical of the Roman Province volcanism. The firing would be probably the result of oxidizing conditions, as proved by the hematite presence. Thanks to the existence of specific neoformed mineral phases during firing it was possible to assess different temperatures ranges. In detail, the red/orange bricks, for the existence of gehlenite (formed from calcite and its reaction with silicates), were fired at 800-900 °C range; whereas, the yellow ones are characterised by the lack of gehlenite and the disappearance of illite/muscovite, which indicates firing temperature at over 900 °C. Regarding the decaying products, the gypsum covers most of the surface of most bricks, both red and the yellow ones, but these latter are more susceptible to environmental stressors (sulphates and carbonates). Therefore, this work points out how by integrated non-invasive approaches it is possible trace back to original firing temperature, technology of manufacture, interpreting ceramic data.