Effects of chronic systemic low-impact ampakine treatment on neurotrophin expression in rat brain.

Neurotrophin dysregulation has been implicated in a large number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Unfortunately, neurotrophins cannot cross the blood brain barrier thus, novel means of up regulating their expression are greatly needed. It has been demonstrated previously that neurotrophins are up regulated in response to increases in brain activity. Therefore, molecules that act as cognitive enhancers may provide a clinical means of up regulating neurotrophin expression. Ampakines are a class of molecules that act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Currently, they are being developed to prevent opioid-induced respiratory depression without sacrificing the analgesic properties of the opioids. In addition, these molecules increase neuronal activity and have been shown to restore age-related deficits in LTP in aged rats. In the current study, we examined whether two different ampakines could increase levels of BDNF and NGF at doses that are active in behavioral measures of cognition. Results demonstrate that ampakines CX516 and CX691 induce differential increases in neurotrophins across several brain regions. Notable increases in NGF were observed in the dentate gyrus and piriform cortex while notable BDNF increases were observed in basolateral and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. Taken together, our data demonstrates that chronic administration of clinically relevant doses of ampakines have the ability to elevate neurotrophin expression in different brain regions, and may have therapeutic benefit in multiple neurodegenerative and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.