A novel method for determining sagittal pediatric patellar height with the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee Angle.

OBJECTIVES: Defining normal pediatric patellar height is complicated. Current methods use ratios calculated from lateral radiographs, but often provide inconsistent results and are time-consuming. It has been observed that the angle formed by Blumensaat's line and the distal femoral physis, when extended, form an area of patellar containment throughout a range of knee flexion. Deemed the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee (BECK) Angle, the objective of this study was to investigate this as a simple alternative to identify normal pediatric patellar height.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral radiographs were taken every 15° from 0° to 90° flexion on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. Patellar height was measured as the percentage of pole-to-pole patellar length contained within the BECK angle. The method was then applied to normal lateral radiographs of 105 pediatric knees, divided into age groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 13-16 years old. BECK angle patellar containment was compared with previously described methods.

RESULTS: For cadaveric specimens, at least 50% patellar containment occurred between 0° and 71° flexion without quadriceps tension and between 21° and 81° flexion with 30 N of quadriceps tension. For pediatric radiographs, flexion ranged from 9° to 81°. At least 50% patellar containment occurred in 96% of knees in all three age groups. Knee flexion fell within a range of 15°-60° in 92 of the 105 pediatric knees. Limiting the analysis to this range, at least 50% patellar containment occurred in 99% of knees in all three age groups.

CONCLUSION: On the basis of this study, normal pediatric knee lateral radiographs between 15° and 60° flexion should show at least 50% patellar containment within the BECK angle.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level II study.