Cost-effective large-scale expression of proteins for NMR studies.

We present protocols for high-level expression of isotope-labelled proteins in E. coli in cost-effective ways. This includes production of large amounts of unlabeled proteins and 13 C-methyl methionine labeling in rich media, where yields of up to a gram of soluble protein per liter of culture are reached. Procedures for uniform isotope labeling of 2 H, 13 C and 15 N using auto-induction or isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside-induction are described, with primary focus on minimal isotope consumption and high reproducibility of protein expression. These protocols are based on high cell-density fermentation, but the key procedures are easily transferred to shake flask cultures.