Feasibility of Rare Earth Element Determination in Low Concentration in Crude Oil: Direct Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.

A comprehensive study was developed showing the feasibility of determination of rare earth elements (REE) in low concentration in crude oil by using direct sampling electrothermal vaporization system coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS). The effect of organic modifier on the REE signal was evaluated and the use of 6 mg of citric acid allowed calibration using aqueous reference solutions (selected pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures were 700 and 2200 °C, respectively). Because of the facility of REE in forming refractory compounds inside the graphite furnace during the heating step, the use of a modifier gas (Freon R-12, 3.0 mL min-1 ) was necessary to allow quantitative vaporization of these elements. A flow rate of 0.40 L min-1 was selected for both bypass and carrier gases. Under optimized conditions, the influence of sample mass was evaluated, and even using a relatively high mass of crude oil (up to 18 mg), accurate results were obtained. The accuracy was evaluated by the comparison of results by ETV-ICP-MS with those obtained by ICP-MS with ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) after high-pressure microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD) and microwave-induced combustion (MIC) and no statistical difference was observed between the results. The limits of quantification for REE by ETV-ICP-MS were lower (0.02-0.8 ng g-1 ) than those obtained by USN-ICP-MS after MAWD and MIC (0.6-5.1 ng g-1 ). Negligible blank values and relative standard deviations lower than 12% show the feasibility of the proposed ETV-ICP-MS method for routine analysis of crude oil.