Latest Advances in Cardiac Valvular Replacement.

The original monograph on valvular prostheses in Surgical Technology International was published in 1993. It represents a milestone and a reference point for critically organizing information on a complex and rapidly evolving topic. The last update was published in 2010. Since then, there have been significant developments regarding both "traditional" surgical prosthesis and valves for transcatheter implantation. Both bioprostheses and mechanical prostheses continue to evolve with respect to both their design and materials to further optimize hemodynamics and prevent a patient-prosthesis mismatch. Each type of prosthesis has its own Achilles's heel: limited durability leading to structural failure for bioprostheses, and the need for anticoagulation for mechanical prostheses. After a long period of only marginal improvements, new techniques for tissue preservation and manufacturing seem to have placed surgeons on the verge of a minor revolution regarding bioprostheses. In addition, in the realm of mechanical prostheses, the many promises of silicon-free pyrolitic carbon still need to be confirmed, while an extremely cautious approach with new anticoagulants has left patients out of the non-dose-adjusted revolution, which has radically improved the quality of life of other patients, such as those suffering from atrial fibrillation. On the other hand, transcatheter therapies are maturing, and the next few years will probably see an even stronger shift in the treatment of patients away from surgical theaters to cath labs, or perhaps to a new mixed theater (which could lead to a new mixed surgeon/catheter expert professional). This paper provides device descriptions and images of the technologies that are considered to be predominant, at least for the moment, to help orient surgeons and to serve as a reference for students. This report would not have been possible without the prior work of Profs. Denton Cooley and Eric Jamieson.