Viruses infecting macrofungi.

Ever since their discovery just about 56 years ago in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus , many more viruses infecting fungi have been identified in a wide range of fungal taxa. With mostly being asymptomatic, especially the ones that are detrimental to their phytopathogenic hosts are intensively studied due to their considerable importance in developing novel plant protection measures. Contrary to the rapid accumulation of notable data on viruses of plant pathogenic microfungi, much less information have hitherto been obtained in regards to the viruses whose hosts are macrofungi. According to the current literature, only more than 80 distinct viruses bearing either linear dsRNA or linear positive sense ssRNA genome and infecting a total number of 34 macrofungal species represented with four Ascomycota and 30 Basidiomycota have been identified so far. Among these 34 macrofungal species, 14 are cultivated edible and wild edible mushroom species. According to the 10th ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) Report, macrofungal viruses with linear dsRNA genome are classified into five families ( Partitiviridae , Totiviridae , Chrysoviridae , Endornaviridae and Hypoviridae ) and macrofungal viruses with linear positive sense ssRNA genome are classified into seven families ( Betaflexiviridae , Gammaflexiviridae , Barnaviridae , Narnaviridae , Virgaviridae , Benyviridae and Tymoviridae ). In this review, following a brief overview of some general characteristics of fungal viruses, an up to date knowledge on viruses infecting macrofungal hosts were presented by summarizing the previous, recent and prospective studies of the field.