Atmospheric nitrate export in streams along a montane to urban gradient.

Nitrogen (N) emissions associated with urbanization exacerbate the atmospheric N influx to remote ecosystems - like mountains -, leading to well-documented detrimental effects on ecosystems (e.g., soil acidification, pollution of freshwaters). Here, the importance and fate of N deposition in a watershed was evaluated along a montane to urban gradient, using a multi-isotopic tracers approach (Δ17 O, δ15 N, δ18 O of nitrate, δ2 H and δ18 O of water). In this setting, the montane streams had higher proportions of atmospheric nitrate compared to urban streams, and exported more atmospheric nitrate on a yearly basis (0.35 vs 0.10 kg-Nha-1 yr-1 ). In urban areas, nitrate exports were driven by groundwater, whereas in the catchment head nitrate exports were dominated by surface runoff. The main sources of nitrate to the montane streams were microbial nitrification and atmospheric deposition, whereas microbial nitrification and sewage leakage contributed most to urban streams. Based on the measurement of δ15 N and δ18 O-NO3 - , biological processes such as denitrification or N assimilation were not predominant in any streams in this study. The observed low δ15 N and δ18 O range of terrestrial nitrate (i.e., nitrate not coming from atmospheric deposition) in surface water compared to literature suggests that atmospheric deposition may be underestimated as a direct source of N.