Effects of recombinant vertebrate ancient long opsin on reproduction in goldfish, Carassius auratus: profiling green-wavelength light.

This study was conducted to identify the possible effect of recombinant vertebrate ancient long (VAL) opsin as a non-visual "photoreceptor" in the deep brain of goldfish, Carassius auratus. In addition, we investigated the effects of green-wavelength light on the predictable reproductive function of VAL-opsin as a green-sensitive pigment in the deep brain. To determine this, we quantified changes in gonadotropin hormone (GTH) [GTHα, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)] and estrogen receptor (ER; ERα and ERβ) mRNA expression levels associated with goldfish reproduction as well as changes in plasma FSH, LH, and 17β-estradiol (E2 ) activities after injection of recombinant VAL-opsin protein in two concentrations (0.1 or 0.5 μg/g body mass) for 4 weeks (injection once weekly) and examined the possible impact of green-wavelength light (500, 520, and 540 nm) on the function of VAL-opsin. As a result, all parameters associated with reproduction significantly increased with time and light-emitting diode (LED) exposure. Based on these results, we suggested that VAL-opsin in the deep brain is involved in goldfish maturation, and it is possible that green-wavelength light improves the ability of VAL-opsin to promote maturation by increasing VAL-opsin expression.