Prevention and treatment of the chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is an uncommon and late complication of pulmonary embolism resulting from misguided remodelling of residual pulmonary thromboembolic material and small-vessel arteriopathy. CTEPH is the only form of pulmonary hypertension (PH) potentially curable by pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). Unfortunately, several patients have either an unacceptable risk-benefit ratio for undergoing the surgical intervention or develop persistent PH after PEA. Novel medical and endovascular therapies can be considered for them. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat is recommended for the treatment of patients with inoperable disease or with recurrent/persistent PH after PEA. Other drugs developed for the treatment of other forms of PH, as prostanoids, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and endothelin receptor antagonists have been used in the treatment of CTEPH, with limited benefit. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty is a novel and promising technique and is progressively emerging from the pioneering phase. Highly specialized training level and complex protocols of postoperative care are mandatory to consolidate the technical success of the surgical and endovascular intervention.